Introduction
Memes are ubiquitous in online conversations. Scholars have defined Internet memes as digitized items used to convey a cultural idea or behavior that gains influence through online transmission (Davison, 2012; Shifman, 2014a). Multiple types of memes have been identified (Grundlingh, 2018), but the most common Internet meme is the image macro, which follows a standard format that involves adding text, often humorous, to a picture (Davison, 2012). Grundlingh (2018) maintains that Internet memes function as verbal and non-verbal speech acts capable of communicating a variety of messages. For instance, a meme can be used to make a joke, to...