Introduction
The number of respondents completing web surveys on mobile devices, particularly smartphones, has increased substantially over recent years (see Gummer, Quoß, & Roßmann, 2019; Peterson, Griffin, LaFrance, & Li, 2017; Revilla, Toninelli, Ochoa, & Loewe, 2016). For example, the smartphone rate in the probability-based German Internet Panel (GIP) increased from 4% in September 2012 (first regular GIP wave) to 37% inNovember 2021 (last GIP wave available). This trend has also been detected in the German Respondi online access panel (Gummer et al., 2019), in commercial and academic surveys in the US and several other countries, such as the Netherlands...