Introduction
For over a decade, there has been a prominent rise in the use of nonprobability online panels for survey data collection (Callegaro, Baker et al., 2014). In contrast to traditional probability-based surveys, where units are directly sampled at random from the target population with a known (or knowable) probability of selection, nonprobability online panels are often characterized by an additional layer of pre-selection. The pre-selection step occurs when persons are recruited, usually through mass advertising (e.g., via websites, pop-up ads, and sponsored search results), offering the chance to participate in periodic web surveys, often in exchange for small gifts...