Introduction
Questionnaire item response categories have attracted considerable research attention. There are studies of response scale length (e.g., Dawes, 2008), verbal compared to numerical response category labels (e.g., Bendixen & Yurova, 2012), verbal compared to visual labels (e.g., Gummer et al., 2020), and verbal compared to no labels (e.g., Krosnick & Berent, 1993). Previous research has found that labeling each response category (full labeling) improves the validity (e.g., Krosnick & Berent, 1993), reliability (e.g., Menold et al., 2014; Peters & McCormick, 1966), and statistical power (e.g., Eutsler & Lang, 2015) of questionnaire items compared to unlabeled response categories. However, some...