Introduction
Krosnick's (1991) theory of satisficing stated that respondents, to reduce the cognitive efforts required to answer surveys, use shortcuts such as skimming the instructions and questions, or choosing the first acceptable answer. These behaviors might reduce survey data quality.
To identify satisficers among survey respondents, Oppenheimer et al. (2009) developed the Instructional Manipulation Check (IMC). It consists of a request for an answer with a similar structure and answer scale to the rest of the survey requests. Nevertheless, the IMC "asks to ignore the standard response format and instead provide a confirmation that they [respondents] have read the instruction"...
